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| − | '''Ummo''' (in the initial Spanish transcription), '''Oummo''' (in French pronunciation) and '''Oomo''' (in English prononciation), is the name of an alleged [[planet]] which is said to lie approximately 14. 4 Light-years from the [[Earth]], according to revelations made via more than 200 [[Typed|typed]] letters and telephone calls received from the mid [[1960s]], mostly in [[Spain]] but also in other countries. These letters were allegedly written by members of a group present on Earth since March 28, 1950, presenting themselves as emissaries of an [[extraterrestrial life|extraterrestrial]] civilization, the Ummites (sometimes called "Ummans").
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| − | [[José Luis Jordán Peña]] claimed authorship of these letters in 1992, without providing any proof of his revendication.
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| − | = History =
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| − | The first letters recorded are those received in 1966 by Fernando Sesma Manzano, a Spanish telegraph employee and leader of a Spanish [[Esotericism|esotericism]] association, {{Quote|friends of space visitors}}, which regularly gathered its members in a bar called {{foreign quote|lang=es|La ballena alegre}} ({{Quote|the happy whale}}) in Madrid, Spain. Other recipients will subsequently receive them in several countries, until 2009 in France and 2014 in Spain.
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| − | Since 2012, the ummo-ciencias (esp) and ummo-sciences (fr) groups have claimed that contact is maintained with Ummites via the twitter network (X) and collate all exchanges on their respective websites (pages referenced "W")
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| − | The [[researcher]] [[Jean-Pierre Petit]] has claimed to have detected signs of superior intelligence {{Incise|extraterrestrial}} in some of the Ummite writings he says he has received. He also claims that the scientific subjects addressed in the ''ummite'' letters are totally innovative and have directly inspired him in his research in [[cosmology]] and [[magnetohydrodynamics]]<ref>[[Jean-Pierre Petit]], ''Enquête sur les extraterrestres qui sont déjà parmi nous'', [[Éditions Albin Michel|Albin Michel]], 1991, {{ISBN|2226055150}}. </ref>{{,}}<ref name="petitmystere">[[Jean-Pierre Petit]], ''Le mystère des Ummites : une science venue d'une autre planète?'', [[Éditions Albin Michel|Albin Michel]], 1995, {{ISBN|2226078452}}. </ref>{{,}}<ref>[[Jean-Pierre Petit]], ''Ovnis et armes secrètes américaines : L'extraordinaire témoignage d'un scientifique'', [[Éditions Albin Michel|Albin Michel]], 2003, {{coll.|Aux marches de la science}}, 270{{nb p.}}, {{ISBN|2253114944}} and https://januscosmologicalmodel.com/</ref>.
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| − | In 1992, [[José Luis Jordán Peña]] claimed to be the author of the letters. However, {{M.|Peña}} later claimed that the confession had been requested by the Ummites, to disinform, as the popularity of the case began to "compromise their surveillance activities". In 2010, in a letter to Ignacio Darnaúde, he put forward this time the intervention of two agents of the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] for whom he had allegedly worked before his [[Stroke|Stroke]].
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| − | == The Ummite language ==
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| − | On the basis of letters, it is difficult to speak of an Ummite language. All we have, apart from a few complete sentences, is a lexicon, a set of vocables, the vast majority of which are given to us in isolation. [Antonio Ribera]] mentions 403 words ummites in a 1978 compilation<ref>[[Antonio Ribera]] ''Les Extra-terrestres sont-ils parmi nous? Le véritable langage Ummo'' (original Spanish title: ''{{lang|es|El misterio de Ummo}}'' in 1979), translated by J. J. Pastor, [[Éditions du Rocher]], {{1re|édition}} in 1984; {{2e|édition}} in 1991, {{ISBN|2-268-012-905}}; {{p. |217}} </ref> and Jean Pollion, in ''Ummo, de vrais extraterrestres'' (2002), lists over a thousand words considering that every doubling of a letter in a word is significant.
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| − | ===Two theories have been formulated by analysts of Ummite letters:===
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| − | * the first, defended by Jean Pollion, considers that each letter (sound or phoneme) in words transcribed in typewritten form is signifying, and he has called these sounds "soncepts". He considers this to be an "ideophonemic" language<ref>Jean Pollion, ''Ummo, de vrais extraterrestres!", Éditions Aldane<!-- Wikidata: Q115322536 -->, {{date-|June 2002}}, {{nobr|page 281}}. </ref> : By analogy with ideographic languages, which proceed by assembling ideas corresponding to written and pronounceable signs, I have chosen to attribute to this language the "ideophonemic" character. To date, I have counted 17 phonemes}} by associative combinations of these phonemes, almost all of which are relational}}.
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| − | * The second considers that differences in spelling (especially the doubling of letters) are of little significance, and that they are due to differences in the understanding of foreign sounds by the typist(s), or to difficulties in alphabetic transcription. They consider that language is made up of word-objects and not of "soncepts".
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| − | For C. P. Kouropulos, {{Quote|To speak of an ummite language is abusive: only a sprinkling of exotic words and a few rare simplistic phrases are known. We do have a vocabulary built according to an ideogrammatic logic, but not a language! P. Kouropoulos, [http://www.ovni.ch/~kouros/ummo.htm La Mystification UMMO], on ''ovni.ch''.</ref>. For [[Dominique Caudron]], we can {{Quote|conclude that the so-called "ummites" have no command of the "ummite" language, whose grammar they seem to ignore}}<ref>[[Dominique Caudron]], [http://pagesperso-orange.fr/oncle.dom/paranormal/ovni/cas/ummo/ummo.htm "L'affaire" UMMO], on ''oncle-dom.fr''.</ref>. According to the opinion of [[Aimé Michel]] in the collective work ''Les Religions : origine et actualité'', published in 1972, {{quote|the supposed language of Ummo is of Indo-European structure, which goes in the direction of the forgery elaborated by amateurs}}<ref>Collective, [https://books.google.fr/books? id=do8v3n0UfLkC&pg=PA472&dq=%22ummo%22+linguistes&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAGoVChMI9Mfxv8rTxwIVglYUCh2UEgPz#v=onepage&q=%22ummo%22%20linguistes&f=false ''Les religions : origine et actualité''] (edited by Jean Charlier), Retz, 1972, 546{{nb p. }}, {{p.|472}} (Les sectes): {{Quote|However, there are some very gross errors. For example, the supposed language of Ummo, not having been invented by a linguist, turns out to be Indo-European in structure}}.</ref>.
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| − | == Wolf 424 ==
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| − | The first letter referenced (D21 from early 1966) states
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| − | {{excerpt: quote| Distance from IUMMA (star of UMMO), to the Sun: The apparent distance, i.e. that which a coherent beam of waves would follow in three-dimensional space was on January 4, 1955 : 14.437 light-years
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| − | The real distance (straight distance in decadimensional space) was on the same date, according to our measurement: 3.685 light-years
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| − | The first distance is the one used by terrestrial astronomers for their calculations (disregarding the curvatures of light as it passes through fields of high gravitational intensity), such a distance is "constant" for two bodies fixed in space. The second distance is a function of time, measured in an N-dimensional space, and has a certain periodicity. Its measurement is very important as it relates to our galactic travels.}} One letter (D41-1, probably received on {{date-|January 14, 1966}}) estimates the distance between the respective foci of the stellar systems at {{unity|3.68502|[[Light-year|al]]}} ''le {{date-|January 4, 1955}}''. Another letter dated {{date-|March 18, 1966}} (D32) states that the star around which UMMO would orbit is "perhaps" {{nobr|[[Wolf 424]]}} (excerpt: {{Quote|We're not sure it's the same star, although the characteristics and position recorded by some terrestrial observatories coincide surprisingly well with our own data}}). Skeptics argue that the distance quoted of 3.685 light-years corresponds to that measured by Yerkes' laboratory in 1938 (3.6 to 3.8 al) for Wolf 424, although Yerkes corrected this to 14.4 al as early as 1952.
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| − | == Identity of the authors ==
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| − | Prior to José Luis Jordán Peña's 1992 admission of deception, various hypotheses had been put forward as to the identity of the perpetrators:
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| − | the Ummites; the [[Secret Service|espionage services]]; one or more [[sects]]s; José Luis Jordán Peña himself, who is said to have launched the phenomenon, before being imitated by other authors who remain anonymous.
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| − | The consensus among skeptical authors is that the letters are more or less elaborate [[forgeries]]s, that José Luis Jordán Peña is behind the first letters<ref>[[Dominique Caudron]], ''SPECIAL UMMO'', OVNI présence, {{n°|47}}, {{date-|may 1992}}, {{p. |4}}.</ref> and that later forgers used these as a model to extend the [[myth]]<ref>J.- M. Abrassart, "L'affaire Ummo : Une révélation religieuse?", ''Les Mystères de l'Est, {{n°|10}}'', 2006, {{page|87-93}}.</ref>.
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| − | == José Luis Jordán Peña's confession of deception ==
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| − | Long suspected of fabricating the Ummite letters<ref>See [[Claude Poher]], ''Les observations d'Aluche et de San José de Valderas ainsi que l'affaire UMMO : une supercherie de taille ! '', in ''[[Lumières dans la nuit|Lumières dans la Nuit]]'', {{numéro|166}}, June-{{date-|juillet 1977}}.</ref>, [[José Luis Jordán Peña]], presenting himself as the initiator of the affair, admitted in 1992 that it was a hoax that he had pursued for {{unity|25|years}}. In 1992, he told the police the details of the fraud he had carried out over {{unit|25|years}}. By means of a [[Phonetic Symbolism|phonosymbolism]] (the Spanish term ''{{lang|es|humo}}'' means "smoke"), he wanted to suggest the falseness of its contents:
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| − | {{begin_citation}}UMMO "evokes smoke. I chose the star {{nobr|[[Wolf 424]]}} at random. Since my real objective was not to develop a credible extra-planetary world. [...] I remember writing reports on Saturday and Sunday afternoons, and taking advantage of my trips to France, England, Mozambique{{etc.}}}, or those of friends, to send letters from there. [...] We use the model hung on a very thin nylon thread. I remember that we use a very fast 1/1000 speed so that the saucer and the background of the photo come out more or less in the same focus, and the saucer looks bigger. The most incredible thing is that I ended up interviewing people who said they had seen the saucer, but who weren't paid by me. [...] I became indignant when I saw that the Edelweiss sect was branding innocent children with my symbol. And then I received an anonymous invitation from [[Cuba]], to attend I don't know what ummite meeting at Farriols, so I decided to stop the experiment that had lasted {{unity|25|years}}. [...] I repent for having created an experiment, which I consider immoral, that has turned against me.{{end_citation}}
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| − | Eighteen years later, in a letter addressed to Ignacio Darnaude and posted on {{date-|5 November 2010}}, José Luis Jordán Peña provides further clarification on the affair. Some of the letters and writings are the work of jokers imitating his style. He also points out that collaborators (e.g. Vicente Ortuno, Norman West, John Child, M. Carrascosa, Alberto Borras, T. Pastrami, Sean O'Connelly, Iker J.) sent letters from distant places. He reports that he was initially contacted by two American doctors (he had previously claimed that they were [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] agents working for a foreign agency who offered him, for a salary, to carry out a sociological experiment in the interests of Western culture, which he accepted).
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| − | There is no doubt, however, that José Luis Jordán Peña was at least one of the illustrators of these documents, according to Alberto Noguera's perfectly documented study<ref>http://albertonoguera.com/2022/10/la-mecanografa-de-ummo.html</ref>
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| − | =Theories presented in these documents=
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| − | = Notes and references =
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| − | == Appendices ==
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| − | === Bibliography ===
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| − | ; In French
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| − | * [[Jacques Vallée]], ''Le collège invisible'', [[Éditions Albin Michel]], 1975 (trans. from English ''{{lang|en|The Invisible College}}'', 1975).
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| − | * [[Antonio Ribera]] and Rafael Farriols, ''Preuves de l'existence des soucoupes volantes'' (original Spanish title: ''{{lang|es|Un caso perfecto}}''), [[Éditions De Vecchi|Éditions de Vecchi]], 1975.
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| − | * [[Martine Castello]]<!-- Wikidata : Q115324512 -->, [[Philippe Chambon]]<!-- Wikidata : Q115324639 --> and [[Isabelle Blanc (autrice)|Isabelle Blanc]]<!-- Wikidata : Q115324406 -->, ''La conspiration des étoiles. Les Ummos : terrestres ou extraterrestres ?'', [[Éditions Robert Laffont]], 1991, {{ISBN|978-2-2210-7016-1}}.
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| − | * [[Jean Sider]], ''Ummo : Les raisons d'un doute'', in ''[[Lumières dans la nuit|Lumières dans la Nuit]]'', {{n°|307}}, January-{{date-|February 1991}}.
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| − | * Jacques Vallée, ''Révélations'', Éditions Robert Laffont, 1992.
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| − | * {{Article|firstname1=Michel |lastname1=Meurger |author link1=Michel Meurger |title=Science fiction and belief: the Ummo affair |subtitle=about Jean-Pierre Petit's book, ''Enquête sur des extra-terrestres qui sont déjà parmi nous : le mystères des Ummites'' | periodical=Études lovecraftiennes | place=[[Ermont]] | publisher=[[Joseph Altairac]] | number=11 | date= [[Épiphanie]], 1992 | passage=111-116}}.
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| − | * [[Dominique Caudron]], " Les Ummoristes sont parmi nous ", in the collective book edited by Thierry Pinvidic, ''OVNI. Vers une anthropologie d'un mythe contemporain'', [[Éditions Heimdal]], 1993.
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| − | * Renaud Marhic, ''L'affaire Ummo : les extraterrestres qui venaient du froid'', Éditions Les Classiques du Mystère, 1993.
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| − | * Renaud Marhic, ''La mystification d'Ummo : des aveux qui appartiennent à l'histoire'', in ''Phénomèna'' {{Numéro|19}}, January-{{date-|février 1994}}.
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| − | * Jean Pollion, ''Ummo, de vrais extraterrestres !'', Éditions Aldane<!-- Wikidata: Q115322536 -->, 2002.
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| − | ; In Spanish
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| − | * Fernando Sesma Manzano, ''{{lang|es|Yo, confidente de los hombres del espacio}}'', {{lang|es|Editorial Graficas Espejo}}, 1965.
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| − | * Fernando Sesma Manzano, ''{{lang|es|UMMO, otro planeta habitado}}'', {{lang|es|Editorial Graficas Espejo}}, 1967, {{number|234|pages}}.
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| − | * Oscar Rey Brea, ''{{lang|es|Algo sobre las fotografias del supuesto ovni de San José de Valderas}}'', in ''{{lien|lang=en|trad=Stendek (magazine)|texte=Stendek}}'', {{n°|9}}, {{date-|august 1972}}.
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| − | * Antonio Ribera and Rafael Farriols, ''{{lang|es|Un caso perfecto}}'', [[Editorial Pomaire|Pomaire]]<!-- Wikidata: Q110227675 -->, Barcelona, 1968; republished in 1973 by {{link|lang=es|trad=Plaza & Janés}}, Barcelona.
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| − | * Father Enrique Lopez Guerrero, ''{{lang|es|Mirando a la lejania del universo}}'', {{link|lang=es|trad=Plaza & Janés|texte=Plaza & Janés S. A.}}, Barcelona, 1978.
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| − | * Antonio Ribera, ''{{lang|es|El Misterio de Ummo}}'', Plaza & Janés, Barcelona, 1979.
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| − | * Juan Dominguez Montes, ''{{lang|es|El pluricosmos}}'', Éditions Libreria Agora S. A., 1983, {{ISBN|84-85698-14-2}}.
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| − | * {{work |lang=es | author1=Antonio Ribera | title =UMMO : la increible verdad | collection ={{lang|es|Otros horizontes}} |number in collection =1 | publisher =Plaza & Janés | location =Barcelona | year =1985 | month=May | ISBN =84-01-47201-6 | oclc =15299901 | total pages = 410 }}.
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| − | * {{work |lang=es | author1=Antonio Ribera | title =UMMO informa a la Tierra | collection ={{lang|es|Otros horizontes}} | publisher =Plaza & Janés | place =Barcelona | year =1987 | ISBN =84-01-39025-7 | oclc =18433842 | total pages =302 }}.
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| − | * Ummo, {{lang|es|otro mito que hace crash}}, in ''{{lang|es|La Alternativa racional}}'', {{Number|29}}, 1993.
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| − | * Rafael Farriols, ''{{lang|es|EL hombre, El cosmos y Dios}}'', {{lang|es|D'Arbo Productions}}, S. L. Collection: {{lang|es|La punta del Iceberg}}, 1999, {{ISBN|84-605-8814-9}}.
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| − | * {{lang|es|trad=Manuel Carballal|texte=Carballal Pazos, Manuel}}. {{lang|es|Los Expedientes Secretos. El Cesid, el control de las creencias y los fenómenos inexplicables}}. {{lang|es|Barcelona: [[Editorial Planeta]]}}. 2001, {{ISBN| 9788408037927}}.
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| − | * Vicenç Solé i Ferré, ''{{lang|es|A la Búsqueda de un mecanismo evolutivo inteligente}}'', 2003, {{ISBN|84-933294-2-8}}.
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| − | * {{link|lang=es|trad=J. J. Benítez|texte=Benítez, Juan José}}, ''{{lang|es|El hombre que susurraba a los ummitas}}'', {{lang|es|Barcelona: Editorial Planeta}}, 2007, {{ISBN|9788408071488}}.
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| − | ; In English
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| − | * [[Jerome Clark]], {{lang|en|Ummo Hoax}}, in ''{{lang|en|The UFO Encyclopedia {{nobr|Volume 3}}}}'', 1996.
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| − | * John R. Heapes, ''{{lang|en|Other Worlds}}'', iUniverse, 2014, 256{{nb p.}} (development on the Ummo planet, {{p.|101-122}}).
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| − | === Internal links ===
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| − | * [[José Luis Jordán Peña]]
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| − | * [[Ufology]]
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| − | * [[Extraterrestrial life]]
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| − | * {{nobr|[[Wolf 424]]}}
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| − | === External links ===
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| − | * https://www.ummo-sciences.org Site listing all letters and tweets received, translated into French]
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| − | * https://www.ummo-ciencias.org Site listing all letters and tweets received in Spanish]
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| − | * https://www.ummowiki.fr/index.php/Ummo_texts_corpus Page of links to a number of documents translated into English]
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| − | * [http://www.pseudo-sciences.org/spip.php?article1862 " Des ummoristes chez les ufologues... "] by Jérôme Quirant and Dominique Caudron, ''[[Science et pseudo-sciences|SPS]]'', {{n°|299}}, {{date-|January 2012}}
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| − | * [http://www.sfmag.net/article.php3?id_article=806 A skeptical critique of Jean Pollion's work]
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| − | * [http://pagesperso-orange.fr/oncle.dom/paranormal/ovni/cas/ummo/ummo.htm Un point de vue sceptique - Site de Dominique Caudron sur l'affaire Ummo]
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